Compare and Contrast

Thoroughly analyze Thoroughly analyze Thoroughly analyze By Maeve Maddox Jay inquires â€Å"Compare with† = differentiate; What are the conditions by which one would utilize differentiate as the action word? When all is said in done utilize, for example, recorded as a hard copy a look at/differentiate paper, analyze implies discover the similitudes and complexity implies discover the distinctions. Definitions from the OED: think about:. trans. To talk about or speak to as comparable; to compare. differentiate: To set in resistance so as to show strikingly their various characteristics or attributes, and analyze their superiorities or imperfections. Contrast gets from Latin comparare with compare, to look at. Differentiation gets from Latin contra, against in addition to gaze, to stand. In Middle English the word was utilized in the strict sense to withstand or take on against as in conflict. The word dropped out of utilization until the finish of the seventeenth century when it was reintroduced as a craftsmanship term meaning to put in such juxtaposition as to bring unequivocally out contrasts of structure, shading, and so on., and along these lines to create a striking impact. For contrasts in importance between contrast with and contrast and, see Compared to or Compared with. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Taser or Tazer? Tazing or Tasering?Quiet or Quite?

The Slaughter House Five Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

The Slaughter House Five Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers The Slaughter House Five THE NOVEL - THE PLOT - Billy Pilgrim, as Kurt Vonnegut, was an American fighter in Europe in the most recent year of World War II. In the event that you come to know a battle veteran well-a veteran of that war, of the Korean War, or of the war in Vietnam-you will quite often find that his war experience was the single most significant occasion in his life. The sights and scars of war stay with the fighter for the remainder of his life, and his recollections of death and slaughtering help to shape whatever future profession he may make. The equivalent is valid for Billy Pilgrim. What he saw and did during his a half year on the front line and as a POW have overwhelmed his life. Slaughterhouse-Five shows how Billy settles with the sentiments of repulsiveness, blame, and despondency that are the consequence of his war encounters. Billy does this by placing an amazing occasions in context. He rearranges his life so every last bit of it happens inside the setting of his days in Europe during the war. Along these lines the novel relates Billy's prewar and after war history (remembering his demise for 1976, which was numerous years later when Vonnegut was composing this book), however the genuine story of the novel is the narrative of Billy's wartime days. All different occasions throughout Billy's life are just coincidental to his time as an officer and a POW. You consider them to be occasions that come to his brain as he lives, or remembers, the most recent months of the war in Europe. Billy revamps his life by utilizing the gadget of time-travel. Not at all like every other person, Billy Pilgrim doesn't carry on with his life one day after another. He has gotten unstuck in time, and he hops around among an incredible times like an insect from pooch to hound. At the point when you meet him in Chapter 2, it is December 1944 and Billy and three other American troopers are lost in a woods a long ways behind adversary lines. Billy shuts his eyes for a second, floats back to a day in his past with his dad at the YMCA, at that point unexpectedly opens his eyes in what's to come: it's 1965 and he is visiting his mom in a nursing home. He squints, the time changes to 1958, at that point 1961, and afterward he finds himself back in the backwoods in December 1944. Billy doesn't have a lot of time to ponder about what has simply occurred. He's caught very quickly by German officers and put onto a train headed for eastern Germany. On board the train Billy has an extraordinary experience later on: on his girl's wedding night in 1967, he is hijacked by a flying saucer from the fanciful planet Tralfamadore. The outsiders take Billy to their home planet and put him in a zoo. At that point, as consistently appears to occur, Billy awakens back in the war. The train shows up at a jail camp, and there a gathering of British officials toss a feast for the American POWs. In a little while he is going in time once more, to a psychological emergency clinic in 1948, where he's visited by his life partner, Valencia Merble. When he recoups from his mental meltdown, Billy will be set up in business as an optometrist by Valencia's dad. Billy is presented to sci-fi by his medical clinic flat mate, Eliot Rosewater, whose most loved creator is Kilgore Trout. Trout's composing is horrible, yet Billy comes to appreciate his thoughts. Billy makes a trip in time again to Tralfamadore, where he is the most mainstream display in the zoo. His guardians love conversing with Billy since his thoughts are so peculiar to them. He thinks, for instance, that wars could be forestalled if individuals could see into the future as he can. Next Billy awakens on the primary night of his special first night. After having intercourse, Valencia needs to discuss the war. Before Billy can say much regarding it, he's back there himself. The American POWs are being moved to Dresden, which as an open city (of no military worth) has gotten through the war sound, while pretty much every other German city has been intensely besieged. Billy knows that Dresden will before long be completely crushed, despite the fact that there's nothing worth shelling there-no soldiers, no weapons industrial facilities, only individuals and delightful structures. The Americans are housed in building number five of the Dresden slaughterhouse. Billy proceeds with his time-travels. He endures a plane accident in 1968. A couple of years before that, he meets Kilgore Trout. What's more, on Tralfamadore he tells his zoo-mate, Montana Wildhack, about the

3D printing lub Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3D printing lub - Research Paper Example Gatherings face various difficulties as they look to accomplish their targets. A few gatherings need solidarity of direction. A gathering that isn't focused on a typical goal can't accomplish its planned objectives. As indicated by Argris (2010), such a gathering might be portrayed by low execution since individuals don't have aggregate commitments towards accomplishment of regular targets. 3D printing club’s authoritative culture is characterized as the practices and qualities that add to the special mental and social condition of an association. These incorporate the organization’s encounters, desires, qualities and theory. These qualities are shown in its cooperations with the outside life, internal functions, future desires, and its mental self view. They depend on shared traditions, perspectives, convictions, and unwritten and composed principles. Hierarchical culture relies totally upon the structure of the 3D printing association (Purdue University, 2013). This p aper centers around 3D printing association at Purdue University. 3D printing club expects to push and show Purdue people about the plans and practices of an other gathering framework called three-dimensional printing. The club will offer a powerful involvement in this improvement. It offers understudy preparing information on dynamic and organizations that are offered all through workshops. These incorporate 3-D printing, agile assembling, quick prototyping, direct propelled collecting, prototyping and other related focuses and creation of finished thing (Purdue University, 2013).

The Advantages of Article Writing

The Advantages of Article Writing What to Expect From Article Writing? Article writing differs from any other kind of writing. How-To Articles How-To articles are extremely popular and are among the simplest articles to write. Writing a relevant and suitable headline or the title of the post is among the most important elements of the report. You could also see informative writing examples Article writing example is the practice of writing an article for a certain purpose and audience. When every paragraph has a purpose in the total article, then you'll have just the correct quantity of paragraphs that you want. When asking yourself, how many paragraphs should my article be, you wish to consider whether each paragraph is valuable to your principal idea of the write-up. The range of paragraphs will be based on the overall word count of your article in the very first spot. You're provided a sentence and has to write a post. If it comes to article writing, there are numerous questions that you could have to help you become prosperous. If you don't have enough time to author effective small business article, we're here to assist, confidentially. Fourthly you should edit your article and let clear every one of the queries. Following the actions provided can help you optimize your article writing for your site. For example, if the small small business website deals with cosmetics, then it might comprise articles that provide tutorials on the best way to apply make up correctly, how to dress up for different occasions, and the way to deal with the epidermis. You are able to have the very best website on the planet but without regular visitors and traffic to your website then it is not really worth having on online presence in the slightest. There's no guarantee that individuals who read the guide will seek out your organization. Instead, think about what they want to know that's related to your busin ess. Whether you're looking for SEO articles or highly engaging customized content for your site, you will discover that our writing solutions offer you great value for your wealth. Given that what it is that you are attempting to establish here is a little small business website content writing service, you'd only be dealing with start up or compact companies that are still scrambling their way into having the ability to establish themselves in the sector or make their company grow. Additionally It Really Is really straightforward to receive depressed in the whole procedure of analyzing merely from examining listing of tasks you have to really know the very best means to do swiftly and correctly. When you're marketing your business in the very start, you might be concerned about not having enough excellent info to share to your prospective customers. The Secret to Article Writing You are able to write articles or you are able to write articles right. As previously mentioned, articl es can boost your reach and credibility. A report can tackle about various topics, based on the writer, and is typically intended for a target audience. When you get started writing articles, you will discover that your articles can bring lots of totally free promotion to your company. Report Topics Following are unique varieties of article topics for the students that are categorized in sections so you can easily opt for the topic depending on your need and requirement. It is crucial that you don't deviate from the subject. From time to time, you're going to be supplied a topic, or list of topics to choose from, and you'll need to do the best that you are able to. Article Writing Secrets Learning how to use the proper introductions for your article can earn a good deal of difference in whether or not a reader reads through your writing or not, and because of this wind up taking the action you intend. Then as you become better, you will be able to turn out articles in a small percent of the moment. Article writing is a hard work and time intensive endeavor. At the close of the day, article writing, or writing generally speaking, assists in improving someone's communication skills generally.

Legal Prostitution And Its Effect On Society - 2259 Words

It is strange to think of how the oldest profession is being found as something of a harmful nature, which must be illegal. But legal prostitution is seen by a rather large number of individuals to have a negative effect on today s society. These are the people who are forcing women into illegal prostitution, which is far more destructive, due to many factors. The Webster dictionary defines prostitution as the business or practice of engaging in sexual relations in exchange for some other benefit. For as long back as we have records, evidence can be found of people selling sex for some sort of gain. When the colonists were running around slaughtering the natives, they also were enjoying the pleasures of local prostitutes. In fourth century, Athenian orator Apollodorus stated we have courtesans for pleasure, and concubines for the daily service of our bodies, but wives for the production of legitimate offspring and to have reliable guardians of our household property(Dauphin). And yet in progressive America, a land where people claim to be the most socially advanced, prostitution is an illegal act that results in the sheltering of rapists, drug dealers, and abusers. Even though legalization/ decriminalization of prostitution increase the motivation of men to buy women for sex, prostitution should be legal but highly regulated because prostitutes are not committing an inherently harmful act and sex work is legitimate work and the problems within the industry are notShow MoreRelatedShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1663 Words   |  7 PagesDecriminalizing prostitution in the United States will be a hazard to the nation. Prostitution has been often called one of the oldest jobs in the world. However, it has been illegal in nearly all societies throughout history. Currently, there have been various countries where prostitution has been legalized by the government, allowing people over eighteen year olds to work as prostitutes legally. Nonetheless, those countries h ave had several negative effects following the legalization of prostitution. NeverthelessRead MoreProstitution as a Form of Deviance Essay examples634 Words   |  3 PagesProstitution as a Form of Deviance In sociology, the term deviance refers to all violations of social rules, regardless of their seriousness (Essentials of Sociology 136). Deviance is an individual or organizational behavior that violates societal norms and is usually accompanied by negative reactions from others. According to a sociologist S. Becker, he stated that it is not the act itself that makes an action deviant, but rather how society reacts to it. A particular state of being thatRead MoreCan People Attitudes On The Legal Status Of Prostitution Be Shaped By Media Representation? Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesResearch Question: Can People Attitudes on the Legal Status of Prostitution be shaped by Media Representation? Introduction: Prostitution has long been portrayed as ‘the world’s oldest profession’ in the majority of Western literatures (e.g. Snell, 1993; Bullough and Bullough, 1996; Drexler, 1996; Aspevig, 2011). For many decades, prostitution is one of the most notable public issues in the United Kingdom. With only few research (e.g. Freud and Leonard, 1991; Morse et al, 1992; McKeganey, 1994)Read MoreIt is Time to Make Prostitution Legal1215 Words   |  5 Pages　　In modern society, prostitution become a pretty controversial topic to discuss. Prostitution is the sexual services which involves selling and buying, it is just a simple act for both of two persons without any compulsion. Most people think prostitution should not be legal, certainly some people have different opinions. As we know, prostitution has been called the world’s oldest profession for a long time, it should be allowed to exist, if a person choose to use his or her body to make money, whatRead MoreProstitution Is A Profession For Victims Of Coercion, Human Trafficking, Physical, And Mental Health1396 Words   |  6 Pageswhite authoritarian mans society. This attitude is the same attitude that the greater world population needs to have towards the degrading act of selling ones body for money. 70 out of the 196 countries in the world (Meltzer) that have legalized the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment (Merriam-Webster.com), and before this number can get any larger, someone needs to listen to the thousands of voices that are saying â€Å"no† to prostitution. There are an unimaginablyRead MoreProstitution And Its Effect On Public Health Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is defined as â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It is commonly referred to in the media and among society as the â€Å"oldest profession in the book†. This is easily explain ed by the ancient references that are present in religious tales of the Old Testament in the bible to modern day â€Å"red light districts† across the United States. Prostitution and its legality have always stirred up a mixture of emotions across countries, cultures andRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1555 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Prostitution Prostitutes are people of multiple backgrounds and of either gender who make the decision to participate in sex acts for profit in a business-like setting. I support the legalization of prostitution because I believe that legalized prostitution will be a benefit of society. Once legalized, prostitution can provide many benefits to the participants of the business. Prostitution can provide a benefit of the economy in most places, and provide safe business practices andRead MoreProstitution And Deviance : Examination Of Theories Amongst Positivist And Constructionist Perspectives Within Society1604 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution and Deviance: Examination of Theories Amongst Positivist and Constructionist Perspectives Within Society Deviance is behavior, beliefs or characteristics that many people in a society find or would find offensive and which excite, upon discovery, disapproval, punishment, condemnation, or hostility (Goode, 2011 p. 3). Most scientists will agree that a person s most basic needs, physiologically, are breathing, food, water, sleep, and sex. If all of these are the most basic to humanRead MoreStrain Theory Of Criminology1299 Words   |  6 PagesDifferentiate Criminology Forums Prostitution Since time immemorial, society has demonised prostitution as deviant and immoral act that ought not to be condoned. For that matter, laws have been created to put the offenders to trial if found indulging in this act. Prostitution is just like any other crime because, society have reservation to it based on the effects it has on the society moral dignity and values. Similarly, laws exist that prohibit its practice and this justifies the argument of itRead MoreShould Prostitution Be An Illegal Business?1533 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is a controversial topic with a faction of the society arguing that the ancient trade should be legalized whereas the opponents insist that prostitution should be an illegal business because it is unethical. The commercial sex effects and its nature elicit divided opinion because legalizing prostitution as a trade affects its characteristic as a gendered institution and social nature. A section of the society perceives prostitution as an unequivoc al exercise of patriarchal control over

John Steinbeck s The Great Depression - 1405 Words

The historical masterpiece written by John Steinbeck portrays a story about a humble family who are forced to find jobs during the time of the Great depression. The characters are hopeful, as they pray for a pray for a brighter future. Steinbeck tries to demonstrate the strength of unity, and that working together will triumph anything that is done individually. Rather than sticking to their own beliefs, the characters are modeled by their environment. They have no choice but to seek help to be able to survive in such a devastating time period. John Steinbeck’s novel has been published back in 1939. It was published the year the Great Depression was put to a close. The Great Depression was an inspiration for Steinbeck. In October 1929,†¦show more content†¦She does go through struggles, however, this is kept quiet as she is not much of a sharer. She believes that any situation, no matter the circumstances, can be handled with somewhat of dignity. Last of the major characters is Pa Joad. He is careful and very cheery. He can not handle devastating situations as well as Ma Joad can however. At the end of the novel, he becomes less scared and is committed to protecting his loved ones. Pa Joad has given the role of the family leader to Ma Joad. There are also minor characters in the book as well. Some are Jim Casy and Rose of Sharon. Jim Casy is an ex-preacher. Casy’s teachings prompt the novel’s by changing the beliefs of the main character Tom. He turns Tom into an activist to better the life of people. Rose of Sharon represents a stereotypical teenage girl. Her morals and purpose is tested when she meets a starving man inside of a barn. Her choice to breastfeed the man shows how much the journey has changed her for the better. The novel takes place during a time better known as the Dust Bowl. This was during the 1930s time period. The novel starts off in the state of Oklahoma. That is where Tom is released after serving his time in prison. Their property has been taken from them. They were homeless and desperately searching for a Job. They heard good news from their uncle. Soon they packed their things and headed off to California in search of work. The settingShow MoreRelatedThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1292 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath tells the story of Tom Joad, a man who leaves his home state of Oklahoma and journeys with his family to California for work during the Great Depression (Steinbeck). However, although fictional, the story hit too close to home for many Americans at the time. Some argued that the book was propaganda and exaggerated the conditions of the working class, and copies were burned in protest (â€Å"Banned Book Awareness†). In reality, Steinbeck s description of theRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1027 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Depression sparked an economical and social malfunction in United States throughout the 1930s and 1940s. John Steinbeck was a prominent author who’s writing best illustrates California during the Great Depression. John Steinbeck uses his writing to illustrate the social and economic injustice that the common man faced during the The Great Depression. John Steinbeck’s best known novel The Grapes of Wrath, does an excellent job showing generation after generation, what California was likeRead MoreJohn Steinbecks Greatest Accomplishments973 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck, born in 1902 in Salinas California to John Ernst and Olive Hamilton Steinbeck, became one of the greatest American writers of his century. Growing up Steinbeck read vigorously and was fascinated by Sir Thomas Malory’s Morte D’Arthur. It was Malory’s Morte D’Arthur that influenced Steinbeck for the rest of his life. Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 and attended Stanford University. He took courses in science and particularly became interested in marine biology.Read MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath : The Great Depression1748 Words   |  7 PagesJamie LoConte Mrs. Viscosi AP Lang. Per. 4 5 April 2017 The Grapes of Wrath: The Great Depression â€Å"Man, unlike any other thing organic or inorganic in the universe, grows beyond his work, walks up the stairs of his concepts, and emerges ahead of his accomplishments† (Steinbeck). The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck is a classic book read by millions in high school due to its simple prose, clear symbolism, and its heartwarming story of perseverance against the odds. However, this novel is far moreRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1729 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Steinbeck the author of The Grapes of Wrath has a very unique styling of writing. With his style of writing the historical and creative embellishments of the Great Depression are expressed vividly. The way John Steinbeck brings out the nonfiction and the fiction points of view in his writing bring a special twist to writing in general. The way that his writing can bring out the historical and creative writing makes this one of the most intriguing reads a person could ever read. TheRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1190 Words   |  5 Pages14th, 1939, John Steinbeck published the novel, The Grapes of Wrath. The novel became an immediate best seller, with selling over 428,900 copies. Steinbeck, who lived through both the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, sought to bring attention to how families of Oklahoma outdid these disasters. Steinbeck focuses on families of Oklahoma, including the Joads family, who reside on a farm. The Joad family is tested with hardship when life for them on their farm takes a corrupt turn. Steinbeck symbolizesRead MoreWhat Influenced John Steinbeck?. What Exactly Influenced884 Words   |  4 PagesWhat influenced John Steinbeck? What exactly influenced Steinbeck’s writings? Was it his background, his past, or was it the way he grew up and learned. There are many factors that come into play when trying to depict what exactly influenced an author. A lot of people believe that he was heavily influenced by California, where he lived. As many as nine of his works were proven to be based off of some part of california life in his time. But not all of his inspiration could simply come from CaliforniaRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath And Of Mice And Men1644 Words   |  7 PagesJarvis Johnson Research Paper John Steinbeck is an American author of 27 books, widely known for award winning novels, The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men; Steinbeck is also a Nobel Prize winning of Literature. Steinbeck’s writing expresses realistic and creative thoughts, combining as they do compassionate comedy (through Lennie) and intense social perception with their surrounding national culture. John Steinbeck, â€Å"Of mice and Men†, Printed in 1937, articulating a tale of characters, GeorgeRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck Analysis1000 Words   |  4 PagesMice and Men† by John Steinbeck, portrayed the times of hardship and struggle in United States’ Great Depression. When two exorbitantly contrasting drifters, try to make enough money by working on ranches to achieve their variation of the American Dream. Steinbeck effectively got readers attention through each dramatic page and ended the novella with a drastic turn of events that will leave the readers in awe. Although many book concerning the great depression may seem boring Steinbeck was successfulRead MoreThe American Dream In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men836 Words   |  4 Pagesyears ago. John Steinbeck paints a realistic portrait of America in the 1930’s. In doing so, he discusses the important controversial issues in a prà ©cis 106 pages. Everything has a purpose, and in w riting these 106 pages, Steinbeck had a purpose to fulfill. Steinbeck’s purpose in writing Of Mice and Men consisted of many components, but it can be summed up in three main points. This includes portraying the American dream in the 1930’s, giving insight into life during the Great Depression, and to enlighten

Constructing Theories in Communication †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Constructing Theories in Communication Research. Answer: Introduction: Mentorship is a very important activity that can help in encouraging an inexperienced person (mentee) to develop the required skills. The skills can be related to a career, lifestyle, or behavior. In my mentorship initiatives, I took the necessary steps to mentor my cousin on to quit smoking. I chose to dwell on smoking because it has become an issue of concern to the mentee. For over 3 years, my cousin has been a heavy smoker. A smoking practice that began as a joke has escalated into a disaster because as it is today, the mentee smokes not less than 1 full packet of cigarettes daily. I therefore chose to mentor him to refrain from smoking because it is dangerous for his health. Apart from causing him psychological and social distress, continued smoking can expose the mentee to a number of diseases like COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), lung cancer, asthma, stroke, heart disease, and diabetes. It is only through mentorship that the mentee would be sensitized on such dangers and be inspired to stop smoking. The mentorship program was properly done in compliance with the ethical standards. For instance, it was a voluntary exercise carried out after seeking for the formal consent of the mentee. As a mentor, I knew that I would act as a coach, resource person, and a champion who would be relied upon by the mentee to guide, advise, communicate and enhance his development (Bylund, Peterson Cameron, 2012). On the other hand, the mentee was to be responsible for aiding the mentorship process by collaborating with the mentor throughout the mentorship exercise. Evidence of Meetings My mentorship program ran smoothly because it was based on family relationships. Since I was dealing with a family member, I faced no challenges coordinating the activities. After planning for the program, we agreed that we would only use face-to-face meetings. Face-to-face was chosen because it was the most appropriate and effective strategy in delivering the mentorship. Therefore, we organized for 8 meetings that would be scheduled as follows: Week Date Activity Duration (Hours) Venue Week 1 1/3/2017 Introduction to dangers of smoking 2 Hilton Hotel 7/3/2017 How to stop smoking 2 Hilton Hotel Week 2 10/3/2017 How to stop smoking 2 Hilton Hotel 14-3/2017 How to stop smoking 2 Hilton Hotel Week 3 17/3/2017 How to stop smoking 2 Hilton Hotel 21/3/2017 How to stop smoking 2 Hilton Hotel Week 4 24/3/2017 Recap 2 Hilton Hotel 28/3/2017 Evaluation 2 Hilton Hotel Development of Goals In my capacity as a mentor, I know that the whole process can only be a success if based on smart goals. Smart is an acronym for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound. When stetting my goals, I had to encompass all these aspects because it would enable me to have an objective mentorship process. My goals were smart because they were specific. I decided to have clearly specific goals such as assisting the mentee to quit smoking and adopt a smoking-free lifestyle because it would make him lead a healthier life than he currently does. Besides, the goals were measurable because the end result would be easier to evaluate based on the parameters of behavior change. In addition, the goals were achievable because they only entail a behavior change that can be obtained if appropriate guidance is provided. The goal of quitting smoking is realistic because it is an easier target that can be achieved if decision is made to do so. The mentor can also achieve it because other people have done it as well (Monaghan, Goodman Robinson, 2012). Finally, the goals were time-bound since they were to be achieved within a specified time limit. The setting of smart goals was a good initiative because it enabled me to carry out a successful mentorship program. Discussion of the Relationship Mentorship exercise involves two parties: the mentor and mentee. For it to be a success there should be a cordial relationship between the mentor and the mentee. This is necessary because it can help in enhancing the mentorship process and making it acceptable because it has benefits to bring especially to the inexperienced mentee (Vl?du?escu, 2014). However, it does not always happen because, at times, the mentorship process is hindered by the relationship pitfalls that might arise. During my mentorship, I took the necessary measures to ensure that I established a good relationship with the mentee. To do so, I had to use my skills to effectively communicate with the mentee. I critically listened to the mentee and gave him enough time to express his opinions, ask and respond to the questions without unnecessarily interrupting him. It was commendable because it enabled me to win the confidence of the mentee (Knapp, Vangelisti Caughlin, 2014). In case of any disagreement, I would swiftly use my negotiation and conflict-resolution skills to manage it before it becomes a crisis. Through this, I managed to do an excellent job of mentoring the mentee. One of the major roles of a mentor is to provide the mentee with a constructive feedback. Constructive feedback is necessary because it can instill confidence in the mentee. In a typical mentorship exercise, there are a number questions or issues that can be raised by a mentee. However, the mentor should be responsible for providing constructive feedback because it can enable the mentee to have faith in the mentor and the mentorship services offered. As a mentor, I had to equip the mentee with constructive feedback whenever it was necessary to do so (Cobley Schulz, 2013). For example when I was asked why the mentee should refrain from smoking, I responded by telling the mentee that smoking is a dangerous thing that has no benefits at all. I let the mentee know that it will continue wasting the patients money and harm his health by exposing him to a number of illnesses like cancer, asthma, diabetes and many more. The provision of such feedback enabled e to appeal to the mentee and co nvince him. Styles of Communication Communication is a very important asset that should be applied during mentorship. Effective communication can help in improving the quality of mentorship because it can be relied upon to create good relationship between the mentor and mentee. During my mentorship initiatives, I had to make a proper use of communication by using appropriate styles. I used a combination of verbal communication style. Here, I had to use my oratory skills to deliver my message to the mentee and adequately respond to his queries. At the same time, I had to be audible, use appropriate rate of articulation, and use a good simple language that could be easily understood by the mentee (Craig, 2013). I did not use any defamatory language or unnecessary jargons that would complicate the communication process. For example, when explaining the effects of smoking, I had to use simple terms to explain the diseases. The effective use of communication styles enabled me to create a healthy relationship with the mentee . As an experienced mentor, I know that a mentor who does not listen does not mentor. To fulfill my mandate as a mentor, I had to critically listen to the mentee. I paid too much attention to the mentee to ensure that I understood whatever he had to tell me. For example, when explaining to me how he began smoking and how addicted he has become, I had to be so keen to ensure that I got what he had to tell me. This was commendable because it instilled hope into the mentee and gage him the inspiration to continue collaborating with me because I would offer him a real support (Arnold Boggs, 2015). During the mentorship process, I had to rely on verbal as well non-verbal communication. I used non-verbal hues like gestures, facial expression, body movement, and hand expression to punctuate the verbal communication strategies applied when talking to the mentee. The use of these hues enabled me to communicate better because it made the information to sink deeper into the mentees ears (Braithwaite Schrodt, 2014). For example, when expressing my points, I had to maintain eye contact and periodically move my face to suit what was being communicated. References Arnold, E.C. Boggs, K.U., (2015). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Braithwaite, D.O. Schrodt, P. eds., (2014). Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives. Sage Publications. Bylund, C.L., Peterson, E.B. Cameron, K.A., (2012). A practitioner's guide to interpersonal communication theory: An overview and exploration of selected theories. Patient education and counseling, 87(3), pp.261-267. Cobley, P. Schulz, P.J. eds., (2013). Theories and models of communication (Vol. 1). Walter de Gruyter. Craig, R.T. (2013). Constructing theories in communication research. Theories and models of communication, 1, pp.39-57. Knapp, M.L., Vangelisti, A.L. Caughlin, J.P., (2014). Interpersonal Communication Human Relationships. Pearson Higher Ed. Monaghan, L., Goodman, J.E. Robinson, J.M., (2012). A cultural approach to interpersonal communication: Essential readings. John Wiley Sons. Vl?du?escu, ?., (2014). Uncertainty Communication Status. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (21), pp.100-106.

About Anne Griswold Tyng, an Overlooked Influence

About Anne Griswold Tyng, an Overlooked Influence Anne Tyng devoted her life to geometry and architecture. Widely considered a great influence on the early designs of architect Louis I.Kahn, Anne Griswold Tyng was, in her own right, an architectural visionary, theorist, and teacher. Background: Born: July 14, 1920 in Lushan, Jiangxi province, China. The fourth of five children, Anne Griswold Tyng was the daughter of Ethel and Walworth Tyng, Episcopal missionaries from Boston, Massachusetts. Died: December 27, 2011, Greenbrae, Marin County, California (NY Times Obituary). Education and Training: 1937, St. Mary‘s School, Peekskill, New York.1942, Radcliffe College, Bachelor of Arts.1944, Harvard Graduate School of Design*, Master of Architecture. Studied Bauhaus with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. Studied urban planning with Catherine Bauer.1944, New York City, briefly employed by industrial design firms.1945, moved to the Philadelphia home of her parents. Became the only female employee of Stonorov and Kahn. Worked on city planning and residential projects. Remained with Louis I. Kahn when the Stonorov and Kahn partnership broke up in 1947.1949, licensed to practice architecture. Joined the American Institute of Architects (AIA Philadelphia). Met Buckminster Fuller.1950s, associate consulting architect in Kahn‘s office. Continued to work on city of Philadelphia planning with Louis I. Kahn (Civic Center), while independently experimenting with habitable geometric designs (City Tower).1975, University of Pennsylvania, PhD in Architecture, with a focus on symmetr y and probability. * Anne Tyng was a member of the first class to admit women at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. Classmates included Lawrence Halprin, Philip Johnson, Eileen Pei, I.M. Pei, and William Wurster. Anne Tyng and Louis I. Kahn: When 25-year-old Anne Tyng went to work for Philadelphia architect Louis I. Kahn in 1945, Kahn was a married man 19 years her senior. In 1954, Tyng gave birth to Alexandra Tyng, Kahns daughter. Louis Kahn to Anne Tyng: The Rome Letters, 1953-1954 reproduces Kahns weekly letters to Tyng during this time. In 1955, Anne Tyng returned to Philadelphia with her daughter, purchased a house on Waverly Street, and resumed her research, design, and independent contract work with Kahn. Anne Tyngs influences on Louis I. Kahn architecture are most evident in these buildings: 1951–1953, tetrahedronical ceiling and openly geometric staircase in the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut1955, cubes and pyramidal shapes making up the Trenton Bath House, Trenton, New Jersey1974, grid of symmetrical square design of the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut I believe our creative work together deepened our relationship and the relationship enlarged our creativity, Anne Tyng says of her relationship with Louis Kahn. In our years of working together toward a goal outside ourselves, believing profoundly in each other‘s abilities helped us to believe in ourselves. ( Louis Kahn to Anne Tyng: The Rome Letters, 1953-1954) Important Work of Anne G. Tyng: For nearly thirty years, from 1968 to 1995, Anne G. Tyng was a lecturer and researcher at her alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania. Tyng was widely published and taught Morphology, her own field of study based on designing with geometry and mathematics- her lifes work: 1947, developed the Tyng Toy, a set of interlocking, plywood shapes that children could assemble and re-assemble. A Tyng Toy kit could be put together to build simple but usable objects, which could then be taken apart and re-assembled to make other objects. Childrens furniture and toys included a desk, easel, stool, and wheeled toys. The Tyng Toy, featured in the August 1950 Popular Mechanics magazine (page 107), was exhibited in 1948 at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.1953, designed City Tower, a 216-foot high, geometrically intricate building for Philadelphia. In 1956, Louis Kahn envisioned tripling the height of the City Tower Project. Although never built, a model was exhibited in 1960 at the Museum of Modern Arts exhibit Visionary Architecture in New York City, with Kahn giving little credit to Tyng.1965, Anatomy of Form: The Divine Proportion in the Platonic Solids, research project funded by a grant from the Graham Foundation, Chicago, Illinois.1971, Urban Hie rarchy exhibited at AIA in Philadelphia. In a Domus Magazine interview, Tyng described the design of square houses along spiral roadways as a cyclical sequence with recurring symmetries of squares, circles, helixes and spirals. 1971–1974, designed the Four-Poster House, in which the structure of a modernist Maine vacation home is geometrically integrated with a piece of furniture, the four-poster bed.2011, Inhabiting Geometry, a walk-through exhibit of her lifes work of shapes and forms at the Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania and the Graham Foundation, Chicago. Tynge on City Tower The tower involved turning every level in order to connect it with the one below, making a continuous, integral structure. Its not about simply piling one piece on top of another. The vertical supports are part of the horizontal supports, so it is almost a kind of hollowed-out structure. Of course, you need to have as much usable space as possible, so the triangular supports are very widely spaced, and all the triangular elements are composed to form tetrahedrons. It was all three-dimensional. In plan, you get an efficient use of space. The buildings appear to turn because they follow their own structural geometric flow, making them look like they are almost alive....They almost look like they are dancing or twisting, even though theyre very stable and not really doing anything. Basically the triangles form small-scale three-dimensional tetrahedrons that are brought together to make bigger ones, which in turn are united to form even bigger ones. So the project can be seen as a contin uous structure with a hierarchical expression of geometry. Rather than being just one great mass, it gives you some sense of columns and floors.- 2011, DomusWeb Quotes by Anne Tyng: Many women have been scared away from the profession because of the strong emphasis on mathematics....All you really need to know are basic geometric principles, like the cube and the Pythagorean theorem.- 1974, The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin [For me, architecture] has become a passionate search for essences of form and space- number, shape, proportion, scale- a search for ways to define space by thresholds of structure, natural laws, human identity and meaning.- 1984, Radcliffe Quarterly The greatest hurdle for a woman in architecture today is the psychological development necessary to free her creative potential. To own ones own ideas without guilt, apology, or misplaced modesty involves understanding the creative process and the so-called masculine and feminine principles as they function in creativity and male-female relationships.- 1989, Architecture: A Place for Women Numbers become more interesting when you think of them in terms of forms and proportions. I am really excited about my discovery of a two volume cube, which has a face with divine proportions, while the edges are the square root in divine proportion and its volume is 2.05. As 0.05 is a very small value you cant really worry about it, because you need tolerances in architecture anyway. The two volume cube is far more interesting than the one by one by one cube because it connects you to numbers; it connects you to probability and all kinds of things that the other cube doesnt do at all. It is an entirely different story if you can connect to the Fibonacci sequence and the divine proportion sequence with a new cube.- 2011, DomusWeb Collections: The Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania holds Anne Tyngs collected papers. See the  Anne Grisold Tyng Collection. The Archives are internationally known for the Louis I. Kahn Collection. Sources: Schaffner, Whitaker. Anne Tyng, A Life Chronology. Graham Foundation, 2011 (PDF); Weiss, Srdjan J. The life geometric: An Interview. DomusWeb 947, May 18, 2011 at www.domusweb.it/en/interview/the-life-geometric/; Whitaker, W. Anne Griswold Tyng: 1920–2011, DomusWeb, January 12, 2012 [accessed February 2012]

Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life The WritePass Journal

Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life 1  Ã‚   Introduction Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life 1  Ã‚   Introduction1.1 Definition of Palliative care1.2 Public health context of palliative care1.3   Care pathways in palliative care  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.4 Pharmaceutical care context of palliative care1.5 Transfer of information in Palliative Care1.6 Electronic Palliative Care Summary2. Aim and Objectives 2.1   To conduct an extensive literature review to establish current published work as a baseline for describing information summaries to support pharmaceutical care of palliative care patients.2.2 To describe relevant information summaries in current practice.2.3 To describe current information transfer across care settings.2.4   To identify developments in electronic transfer of care summaries and make recommendations on data fields to support information transfer based on evidence.2.5 To make recommendations to support an electronic palliative care summary (ePCS) for use by   pharmacists in different settings providin g pharmaceutical care to palliative care patients.3.Methods3.1 Description of literature searching3.2   Identification of current practice3.3 Current information transfer to support practice4.Results5. Discussion6. ConclusionRelated 1  Ã‚   Introduction 1.1 Definition of Palliative care According to the WHO, Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychological and spiritual. Palliative care provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms, affirms life and regards dying as a normal process, and intends neither to hasten nor to prolong death.2   Palliative care integrates the psychological and spiritual aspects of patients care, and offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death. It also offers a support system to help the family cope during the patient’s illness and in their own bereavements. In many countries, the terms hospice and palliative care are used interchangeably to refer to the support provided to people with little or no prospect of cure.3 In the United States, a distinction is made between general palliative care and hospice care, which delivers palliative care to those at the end of life; the two aspects of care share a similar philosophy but differ in their payment systems and location of services. Whereas in the United Kingdom, this distinction is not operative; in addition to specialized hospices, non hospice-based palliative care teams provide care to those with life-limiting illness at any stage of the disease. According to the Scottish Partnership for palliative care, palliative care is the term used to describe the care that is given when cure is not possible. The word comes from the Latin â€Å"palliatus†(covered or hidden with a cloak) and is used to mean â€Å"relieving without   curing†.4 Although palliative care is historically associated with later stages of cancer, it is now established that palliative care should be a routine part of care for those living with and dying from a wide variety of non-malignant conditions, such as dementia, heart failure, Huntington’s disease, motor neurone disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, renal failure and respiratory failure among others. General palliative care is an integral part of the routine care delivered by all health and social care professionals to those living with a progressive and incurable disease, whether at home, in a care home, or in hospital.4 Specialist palliative care is based on the same principles of palliative care, but can help people with more complex palliative care needs. Specialist palliative care is provided by specially trained multi-professional specialist palliative care teams and can be accessed in any care setting. 1.2 Public health context of palliative care Public health approaches to palliative care have a valuable contribution to make in understanding and developing community capacity related to , dying, loss and care acknowledging that carers of the dying and bereaved are an important group who have their own significant needs in end -of-life care.5 Primary care has a vital role in delivering palliative care. 6,7 In most developed countries more people die in hospital than at home 8,although substantially more people would prefer to die at home.9 Primary care professionals play a central role in optimising available care, but they often lack the processes and resources to do this effectively.6,10 The Gold Standards Framework (GSF) for community palliative care 11 is a primary care led programme in the United Kingdom that is attracting international interest.7 The framework enables general practitioners and community nurses to optimise practice by providing guidance through workshops and locally based facilitation on how to implement processes needed for good primary palliative care. It is supported by a plethora of practical tools, guidance documents, and examples of good practice.12 It is regarded by many as â€Å"the bedrock of generalist palliative care†. GSF is recommended as best practice by the Department of health End of life care strategy, NICE, Royal College of General Practitioners, Royal College of Nurses and other major policy groups. 1.3   Care pathways in palliative care  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A care pathway is a plan of how someone should be cared for when they have a particular medical condition or set of symptoms. There is increasing evidence that using an integrated care pathway to manage care at the end of life is good way   to implement and monitor best practice, and to standardise care in a variety of care settings. The use of pathways to manage the care of dying patients has gained considerable support from the clinical teams who have used them, as there is evidence that use of such pathways improves the quality of care in the last days and hours of life. A number of end of life care pathways have been developed but the first and most well known is the Liverpool Care Pathway   for the Dying Patients (known as the LCP).13 A number of other pathways are available in relation to supporting the care of dying patients:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pathway for Improving the Care of the Dying (PICD) (Australia)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Palliative Care for Advanced Disease (PCAD) pathway (USA)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Department of Veteran’s Affairs (DVA) Palliative Care Clinical Pathway (Australia)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gold Standards Framework (GSF) for community Palliative Care (UK)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preferred Priorities for Care Plan (PPC) (UK) The Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) is aimed at improving care and communication in the dying phase. In the UK, the LCP was developed to improve care for dying patients.14 The LCP was developed to take the best of hospice care into hospitals and other settings. It is used to care for patients in the last days or hours of life once it has been confirmed that they are dying. The LCP is designed to enable all healthcare workers to provide optimal care to dying patients, whether they are specialists in palliative care or not, by guiding clinical decision making. The LCP is a legal document which replaces the usual medical record at the end of life, and is structured to facilitate audit and outcome measurement.15 It promotes clear communication around the dying and death of the patient, and it supports psychosocial and spiritual care to the patients and their relatives, for example, by promoting adequate communication and support and giving relatives a brochure for bereavement after the deat h of the patient.15 The UK and 13 other countries are registered with the LCP Continuous Quality Programme. 16 In Scotland the LCP is applied by 12 of the 13 voluntary hospices; but only a quarter of district nurses reported in 2008 that they are currently using the LCP.17 In NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde 37% of the GP practices, 33% of the nursing homes and 47% of the wards in the acute operating division are in the process of implementing the LCP.18 1.4 Pharmaceutical care context of palliative care It is estimated that one in three people in the UK will develop cancer and one in four will die from it.19The survival rate for cancer is increasing with more patients being treated as day-case patients. The length of stay for in patients is also decreasing, therefore it is essential to ensure appropriate care continues in the community setting.20 Hepler and Strand defined pharmaceutical care as improves a patient’s quality of life.21 For pharmaceutical care to be successful, a quality system should be implemented to ensure appropriate patient outcomes. It is important that all pharmacy members of the healthcare team in different settings are included in the delivery of pharmaceutical care.22To ensure continuity of care, pharmaceutical care plans require to be updated when the patient’s needs change. Seamless care helps patients to move across healthcare boundaries without experiencing a gap in the standard of healthcare delivery, but this requires effective communicati on between primary and secondary care.23 In providing pharmaceutical care, pharmacists co-operate with doctors, patients and/or carers in designing, implementing and monitoring a â€Å"pharmaceutical care plan†. The pharmaceutical care provided aims to optimize drug treatment and achieve specified therapeutic outcomes. This has the potential to reduce drug-related problems and improve patient’s quality of life To support the local delivery of chemotherapy, models of care need to be developed and remote models of care need to be developed and remote patient monitoring performed which is linked to an electronic health record.24 The use of an electronic record would undoubtedly improve seamless care. It is therefore essential that improvements are made in the transfer of pharmaceutical care. Over the past decade, there has been a large increase in the number of patients receiving cancer treatments and symptom relief treatments at day-case chemotherapy clinics25. With the increase in the prescribing of oral chemotherapy and the use of ambulatory intravenous pumps which allow patients to receive continuous chemotherapy at home, there is increasing need for hospital pharmacists to liaise more closely with general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists to explain unusual indications for a drug or unconventional dosage regimens. This liaison is needed to avoid incidents reported through the in-house reporting system such as inadvertent continuation of intended short courses of medication, for example, dexamethasone prescribed for three days as an anti-emetic after chemotherapy. There is a need for the required clinical monitoring to be undertaken in primary care to minimise risks associated with these medicines. It is essential that detailed information on monitoring requirements is conveyed from the day-case clinic to the patient’s GP and community pharmacist, so that both are aware of the therapeutic plan for the patient and management of potential toxicities and possible drug interactions. Methods of transferring care require exploration and hence Julie Fisher et al,in their study examined and designed a documentation system to monitor pharmaceutical care between cycles of chemotherapy for patients who attended an oncology care unit.24 Their study confirmed a recognised need for continuity of pharmaceutical care between hospital and community pharmacists. The Gold Standards Framework Scotland (GSFS) was introduced in 2003 and is an adapted version of the GSF for implementation within NHS Scotland. The Gold Standards Framework Scotland provides a means of improving the quality of care provided by primary care teams in the final year of a patient’s life. The main differences to the core GSF are : addressing the needs of patients from diagnosis onwards; maintaining a GSF palliative care register, and ; advanced care planning, defined as a process of discussion between an individual and their care providers about individual’s concerns, their preferences for types of care and their understanding of their illness and prognosis.26 Across   Scotland, 75% of GP practices are registered as using the GSFS.17 As of 2009, 80%of GP practices in NHS Greater Glasgow   and Clyde are signed up for the GSFS.18 The most recent development in 2009 has been the electronic Palliative Care Summary (ePCS). The ePCS allows, with patient or carer consent, the access to daily updated summary information from GP records for Out of Hours services and NHS 24. This facilitates structured and accurate information to be available in hours and out of hours to support palliative care patients and their families. The ePCS includes: prescribed medication, medication diagnosis, patients’ and carers understanding of prognosis, patient wishes about place of care and resuscitation.26, 18. The UK department of Health has proposed that Primary Care Trusts across England should invest in pharmaceutical care services giving patients access to more help from pharmacists in using their medicines.27 Evaluation of pharmacists’ interventions has shown that they can make a valuable contribution in secondary care settings such as hospices and hospitals.28 Lucas et al found that more than 60% of pharmacists’ interventions in an inpatient palliative care unit could significantly improve patient care.29 The pharmacist advised on the appropriateness of medication regimens, side effects and contraindication of medication and provided drug and prescribing information to patients and staff. Despite being perhaps the most accessible healthcare professional, there is limited research into the possible contribution of community pharmacists to community-based palliative care in the UK. A recent review showed that the delivery of palliative care to patients in the community is far from ideal.30 Inadequacies in knowledge and training of professional currently providing palliative care to patients at home may prevent the patient receiving optimum pain and symptom control.31, 32 Fragmentation and poor organisation of current palliative care services may result in a loss of continuity of care for such patients or hinder the timely availability of appropriate medication.33,34 Poor communication within existing teams and across organizational boundaries also limits the provision of effective palliative care to patients in the community.35,36 If community pharmacists were included in the local network of healthcare professionals, this would benefit all parties, especially patients and carers, and it would help to share the over-increasing work load in palliative care, due in part to an aging population. Needman et al, 37 assessed the effectiveness of community pharmacists’ clinical intervention in supporting palliative care patients in primary care using an independent multi-professional panel review. In their study, they suggested that when trained community pharmacists are included as integral members of the multi-professional team, they can intervene effectively to improve pharmaceutical care for palliative care patients in the community, providing additional support for them to remain at home; because majority of palliative care patients spend most of their last year at home under the care of their GP and the primary care team.38 It is only when the community pharmacist knows and have the details of the patient’s medical condition and prognosis , that she is able to suggest new therapies or to titrate existing ones. Unfortunately in the present UK community pharmaceutical services system, the community pharmacists are unlikely to know the medical diagnosis of the patients or other essential clinical details.39, 40 As a result, community pharmacists in general are unable to make full use of their knowledge and expertise o r to anticipate problems and advice on them. The recent NHS pharmacy plan advocates that personal medicine management services should be provided by community pharmacists in the future.27 The study of Needman et al showed that the personal palliative pharmaceutical care services are feasible in everyday practise when community pharmacist is included in the multidisciplinary palliative care team.37 In 2002, the Scottish Government through its publication â€Å"The Right Medicine: A strategy for pharmaceutical care in Scotland†, proposed a better use of pharmacists’ professional competence in planning and delivering services, especially in priority areas such as cancer, heart disease and mental health.41This policy document placed emphasis on the continued development of Pharmaceutical Care Model Schemes including palliative care, initiated in 1999 in collaboration with the Royal Pharmaceutical Society in Scotland. This work has developed and now all NHS Boards have developed Community Pharmacy Palliative Care Networks. Access to specific palliative care medicines within and out with working hours via this network is quality standards in all NHS Board areas.42   Within the NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde area 71 of the current 312 pharmacies are involved in the Community Pharmacy Palliative Care Network. This network was established in 2001 and is funded by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde18, 43, 44. The purpose of the project is to increase awareness of the community pharmacist’s role, their capacity to manage patients requiring cancer and palliative care support, reduce risks and effectively manage anticipatory care needs to minimise out of hours issues. The services of the network pharmacies includes: retailing a stock of more specialized medication which may be required for palliative care; a courier service for transport of urgent prescriptions and medicines, and ; provision of advice and support to other pharmacies, GPs and district nurses. In 2006, a new community pharmacy contract was agreed with the Scottish Government to modernise community pharmacy practice and to support the delivery of pharmaceutical care. The contract is based on four core services, namely the acute medication service, the minor ailment service, the public health service and chronic medication service (CMS) 45 of which palliative care is one. The Chronic Medication Service (CMS) will also require patients to register with a pharmacy. It will enable a pharmacist to manage a patient’s long-term medication for up to 12 months. Under this service, a patient can have his or her medicines provided, monitored, reviewed and, in some cases, adjusted as part of a shared care agreement between the patient, the GP and the community pharmacist. It is in this service that an emphasis on the systematic approach to pharmaceutical care is particularly apparent; it will incorporate the pharmaceutical care model schemes, serial dispensing and supplementary prescribing. In October 2008, the Scottish Government published â€Å"Living and Dying Well in Scotland. ‘Living and Dying Well’ is the first plan for the development of a single, cohesive and nationwide approach to ensure the consistent, appropriate and equitable delivery of high quality and person centred palliative care based on neither diagnosis nor prognosis but on patient and carer needs. The concepts of assessment and review, planning, coordination and delivery of care, of communication and information sharing and of appropriate education and training are addressed in this Action Plan. The Action Plan states that NHS Boards and Community Health Partnerships (CHPs) should take steps to ensure that patient with palliative care needs are included in a palliative care register and are supported by a multidisciplinary team. The Action Plan also emphasises the importance of proactive care planning and anticipatory prescribing to aid the prevention of unnecessary crisis and unschedu led hospital admissions, particularly out of hours. This also includes the planning for stages of illness trajectories that are likely to produce changing patient needs in the future. Key to the progress of â€Å"Living and Dying Well† is its emphasis on a person centred approach to care and care planning and on the importance of communication, collaboration and continuity of care across all sectors and all stages of the patient journey. In order to fully realise the necessary improvements in palliative and end of life care, NHS Boards should review their projects the â€Å"Living and Dying Well† actions and the actions set out in Living and Dying Well: Building on Progress – with particular priority on the following areas.   Early identification of patients who may need palliative care   Advance / Anticipatory Care Planning (ACP)   Palliative and end of life care in acute hospitals   Electronic Palliative Care Summary (ePCS)   Do not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) 1.5 Transfer of information in Palliative Care Access to specialist palliative care services must be more consistent across Scotland, according to a report published by Audit Scotland.17 Audit Scotland investigated the provision of specialist and general palliative care in all NHS board areas. It found a significant variation in the availability of specialist palliative care services and in the ease with which patients can access services.46 Although community pharmacists’ provision of palliative care medicines was not specifically reviewed by the audit, the report notes: â€Å"NHS boards reported that provision was well organised through the national community pharmacy scheme† Many people, who are terminally ill, do prefer to spend their last days in their own homes. It is therefore, essential that these patients have easy access to care and medicines that can help them if their condition were to change rapidly or deteriorate suddenly at night or during the weekend (as is common in terminal illness). However, the provision of out-of-hours specialist palliative care and the availability of palliative care medicines in the community can present major problems. Communication between professionals and patients/carers is an important aspect of palliative care in any setting. However, effective communication and co-ordination between professionals, especially across organisational boundaries, systems and structures, can play an even more crucial role in ensuring the quality of care and enhancing patient and carer experience. According to â€Å"Living and Dying well† in Scotland the aim of communication and co-ordination is   to ensure that all patients and carers with palliative and end of life care needs are supported to participate fully in developing care plans and making decisions about their care   to ensure that their needs are communicated clearly across care settings and systems to all professionals involved   to ensure that the care of all patients and carers with palliative and end of life care needs is co-ordinated effectively between specialists and across care settings and sectors. The transfer of appropriate information between care settings, including out of hours services and NHS 24, could be improved, and is known to have particular significance for those with palliative and end of life care needs. The Scottish Government is therefore facilitating development of an electronic Palliative Care Summary (ePCS) which is developed from the Gold Standards Framework Scotland Project 47 and is based on the Emergency Care Summary. The ePCS will, with patient and carer consent, allow automatic daily updates of information from GP records to a central store, from where they will available to out of hours services, NHS 24 and Accident and Emergency service. The ePCS is currently being piloted in NHS Grampian, and subject to successful evaluation, will be rolled out nationally from 2009. NHS Quality Improvement Scotland is currently developing National Key Performance Indicators for palliative care which address out of hours issues. The timely sharing of information betw een primary and secondary care, especially at times of admission and discharge and including transfer between home, care homes and hospitals remains a challenge to be addressed.46 The ePCS now provides a helpful framework for identifying the type of information from assessments and care pans which should be shared. NHS Boards will be expected to ensure, by whatever means are locally available, the availability over 24 hours of such information to all relevant professionals. 1.6 Electronic Palliative Care Summary The ePCS builds on the Gold Standards Framework Scotland project and the Emergency Care Summary (ECS). The ePCS will, with patient /carer consent, allow automatic daily updates of information from GP records to a central store, from where they are available to Out Of Hours (OOH) services, NHS 24, Acute Receiving Units, Accident Emergency Departments and shortly to the Scottish Ambulance service. The ePCS is now in use in over 23% of practices across 11 Health Board in Scotland.48 The electronic Palliative Care Summary (ePCS) allows practices to: replace the fax form used to send patient information to out of hours services, clearly see essential information on patient with palliative care needs, view or print lists of patients on the practice Palliative Care Register, set review dates to ensure regular review of patients. The information allows practises to build up Anticipatory Care Plans which may include:   medical diagnoses as agreed between GP and patient   patient and carer understanding of diagnosis and prognosis   patient wishes on preferred place of care and resuscitation (DNAR)   information on medication and equipment left in the patient’s home â€Å"just in case†   current prescribed medication and allergies, as per the Emergency Care Summary (ECS). ePCS needs to be developed to meet the needs of palliative care patients. This will require electronic transfer of appropriate information across care settings and to be accessible by recognised healthcare workers supporting patient care. This project will review the development to date of relevant electronic transfer systems. 2. Aim and Objectives Aim Describe current pharmaceutical care provision and make recommendations for electronic transfer of information through evolving palliative care summaries. Objectives 2.1   To conduct an extensive literature review to establish current published work as a baseline for describing information summaries to support pharmaceutical care of palliative care patients. 2.2 To describe relevant information summaries in current practice. 2.3 To describe current information transfer across care settings. 2.4   To identify developments in electronic transfer of care summaries and make recommendations on data fields to support information transfer based on evidence. 2.5 To make recommendations to support an electronic palliative care summary (ePCS) for use by   pharmacists in different settings providing pharmaceutical care to palliative care patients. 3.Methods 3.1 Description of literature searching A literature search was conducted in order to identify relevant previous work and experiences in the transfer of information in palliative care to support pharmaceutical care of such patients. The findings are presented in the introduction. For the outline literature review the biomedical database MEDLINE was accessed and browsed via University of Strathclyde library services. The search was carried out using both MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) vocabulary and plain search terms, either individually or in different combinations. The inclusion criteria comprised articles published between 2010 and around 2000 and publications in English Language. The following search terms were mainly considered. Palliative careEnd of life careCancerChronic disease management Pharmaceutical care provisions Scotland United Kingdom Qualitative research Out-of-hours Pharmaceutical carePharmaceutical serviceCommunity pharmacyPharmacist Patient care Electronic palliative care summaries In addition, the Google search engine, PubMed, the Google scholar database indexing full texts of scientific literature and the search engine Bing from Microsoft were used and the web pager of several journals like the Pharmaceutical Journal, Palliative Care Journals, Palliative Medicine Journal, British Journal of General Practise, and the British Medical Journal were reviewed applying the same key words. In addition, the websites of a number of professional organisations such as NHS Scotland, NHS 24, and NHS Boards across Scotland, Scottish Government, Community Health and Care Partnerships, Audit Scotland, the Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care and the World Health Organisation were searched for government policy documents relating to palliative care. 3.2   Identification of current practice Face to face interviews and group meetings and telephone discussions were also deployed in this research work. Group meetings were held with the University team of the Macmillan Pharmacist Facilitator Project, head of pharmacy of NHS 24, a district nurse as well as a palliative care link nurse. The meetings helped as appropriate tools of information due to the fact that they enabled the participants to describe and talk freely about their experiences while retaining a focus on the subjects of interest. A method that facilitates the expression of criticism and the suggestion of different types of solutions is invaluable when the aim is to improve services.49 3.3 Current information transfer to support practice The head of pharmacy of NHS 24 advised making contact with district nurses or palliative care nurses and the need for them to participate in face to face interviews. The actual recruitment of one district nurse was co-ordinated by a Macmillan Pharmacist Facilitator and the palliative care link nurse agreed to a telephone conversation to capture clinical care issues arising as part of their daily practice. 4.Results The services provided to patients out-of- hours (OOH) are an essential part of palliative and end of life care, and the issues relating to OOH service provision were of paramount relevance in this research work. The recent changes to the General Medical Services (GMS) contract shifted the responsibility for OOH service provision from GP practices to NHS Boards. This has changed the way in which patients access care outside normal working hours. The establishment of NHS 24 has introduced a new model where 24-hour telephone advice is the single point of access to all OOH services. Patients are now unlikely to receive OOH care from a doctor who knows them and the importance of continuity to palliative care patients means that they are likely to be particularly affected by these changes.50More recently, the establishment of centralized services (NHS Direct in England and Wales, NHS 24 in Scotland) present a new model 24-hour telephone advice that will be the single point of access to all OOH services, even in rural areas. The intention is to benefit patients and carers by offering simple and convenient access to advice and effective triage, so that appropriate care can be delivered quickly and efficiently.51 Responsibility for healthcare is been transferred from GPS to local primary care organisations, which are currently setting up new unscheduled care services. There has been a progressive shift in the locus of care from the home and local general practices to more distant emergency clinics or telephone advice.52 An understanding of the needs and experiences of palliative care patients and their carers is essential to ensure that OOH care is effect as well as efficient. Alison Worth et al, in their qualitative study of OOH palliative care, explored the experiences and perceptions of OOH care of patients with advanced cancer, and with their informal and professional carers.50 this study made explicit the barriers experienced by palliative care patients and their carers when accessing care. The importance of good anticipatory care particularly provision of information to patients and carers along with regularly updated handover forms sent to OOH services, was identified as key by both patients and professionals. Professionals described the barriers to achieving individualised patient care and the problem posed by competing priorities, but saw potential for improvements through an expansion of OOH resources, particularly nursing and supportive care. Worth et al, compared their study to previous studies which suggested that good anticipatory care, particularly provision of information to patients and carers about sources of help OOH, and what to expect from services, helps maintain care at home and manage patients’ and carers’ expectations of services.53,54According to Worth et al, GPs and district nurses wanted 24-hour access to specialist palliative care advice on symptom management and medication use.55Access to palliative care drugs and advice via a community palliative care pharmacy network is a quality standard in Scotland.42 Many people who are terminally ill want to spend their last days in their homes. For this reason therefore, these patients should have easy access to care and medicines that can help them if their condition change rapidly or deteriorate suddenly at night or during the weekend. However, the provision of out-of-hours specialist palliative care and the availability of palliative care medicines in the community can present major problems. Palliative care medicines are only readily available during normal working hours, Monday to Friday. Feelings of uncertainty and anxiety can be heightened in patients and carers, particularly OOH, if there is no easy access to familiar sources of professional help and advice or to the medicines needed to control symptoms that commonly occur in the terminal phase of a disease.11 The â€Å"just-in-case† six-month pilot study which was set up in three areas of the Mount Vernon Cancer Network was aimed to avoid distress caused by inadequate access to medicines OOH by anticipating pharmaceutical needs stemming from new or worsening symptoms; and prescribing medicines to be used on a â€Å"just-in-case† basis. The initiative was intended to support the â€Å"Gold Standards Framework†, a programme that aims top develop a practice-based system to improve the organisation and quality of care for patients in their last 12 months of life.56 the â€Å"just-in-case† box (blue plastic hobby box-27x20x10cm) where medicines were stored at the patient’s home. The prescriptions reflected the individual needs of each parient and were written up in the patient’s notes and on an administration sheet used only for anticipatory or when required medicines. An approved list of medicines for symptom control in patients in the terminal phase of an illness was made available through the Liverpool Care Pathway for the dying patient15, 57 and this was adopted for the pilot. As a result, the medicines usually supplied on a â€Å"just-in-case† basis were diamorphine (for pain), midazolam (for agitation), cyclizine, haloperidol or levomepromazine (for nausea or vomiting), glycopyrronium or hyoscine hydrobromide (for respiratory secretions). Information transfer in palliative care is currently underdeveloped because most of the information is within the decision of the GP. Presently NHS 24 does not have access to patients’ medical records. Anytime a call is made to NHS 24, a record is made, a previous contact is seen and all reports are documented as well as the resources and advices used in the past. However, from May 2007, all NHS 24 centres are now able to access a patient’s Emergency Care Summary (ECS) provided patient’s consent is first obtained. The Emergency Care Summary (ECS) is a relatively new system which allows information on a patient’s medication and allergies to be automatically extracted from their GPs records. The security around accessing ECS is very strict and any time an access is made, it is logged so as to know who has been seeing it and this is especially doctors. The NHS 24 has access to ePCS but there is nothing on the ePCS that mentions medicines and that element of pharmaceutical care is missing in the ePCS. Legislation was introduced throughout the UK in 2000, which provided the framework for the supply and administration of medicines without the need for an individual prescription. This framework was Patient Group Directions (PGDs). According to NHS Education for Scotland (NES), a Patient Group Direction (PGD) is a written instruction for the sale, supply and /or administration of named medicines in an identified clinical situation.58 It applies to groups of patients who may not be individually identified before presenting for treatment. Before now, out-of-hours GP care in England, Denmark and the Netherlands has been reorganised and the Netherlands has been reorganised and is now provided by large scale GP co-operatives. Adequate transfer of information is necessary in order to assure continuity of care, which is of major importance in palliative care. Schweitzer et al, conducted a study to assess and investigate the availability, content and effect of information transferred to the GP co-operatives.59 According to their study, GPs in the UK were satisfied with the palliative care provided by their out-of-hours co-operatives, but satisfaction was less for inner city GPs who had concerns about the continuity of care.60 District nurses reported less satisfaction, especially with the quality of the advice, the reluctance to visit, and difficulties in obtaining medication.61 In their study , the total number of palliative care phone calls was 0.75% of all calls to the GP co-operative. Information was transferred and the content consisted mainly of clinical data. It was also found that half of the calls regarding palliative care resulted in a home visit by the locum, and that medication was prescribed in 57%of all palliative care calls. According to this study, a report from the UK stated that a lack of information can lead to problems in symptom control and an increase in unnecessary hospital admissions.62 This study recommended that GP co-operatives needed to develop and implement an effective system of patient information management. The potentials for improvement in the end-of-life care that is provided by the GP co-operatives was a factor of information transfer especially if an electronic patient file is accessible during the out-of-hours period, and this should contain information that is of relevance to locums. The two nurses who took part in the interviews suggested that the service provided for palliative care patients has improved a great deal over the past few years especially with the introduction of the Gold Standards Framework Scotland. An integral part of this improvement was said to be the anticipation of patients’ possible future needs [by the development of Anticipatory Care Plan (ACP)], so that the essential equipment and drugs are either already in place when they become necessary or else can be obtained without delay. This act was identified as reducing the need to call the local out-of-hours GP services over the weekend or in the evenings. The district nurse explained that patients and their carers/family were given details of how to contact the evening or night nursing service who was on call and when one action/plan was carried out the next nurse who is giving care to the patient is able to see what the previous nurse had done. This was done with the use of a â€Å" mobile computer†. The palliative care link nurse explained that the ePCS was not accessible by nurses yet but this is being looked into by GPs but nurses who needed access were allowed by their GPs. During out-of-hours, GP practices cannot provide essential services and general management to patients who are terminally ill. Following an independent review of GP out-of-hours services, Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) are also responsible for developing a more integrated out-of-hours system. (Carson Review). The Carson review envisaged that the needs of palliative care patients will be identified in advance noted on the NHS Direct database and passed directly without triage to the service they needed.63This followed from recommendations that transfer of information between GPs and their out-of-hours provider is essential to ensure continuity of care 62, thus forming one of the current GP co-operative accreditation standards.64 Burt   J et al, conducted an audit across four co-operatives to assess progress of continuity of care within primary palliative care in England.61Across these four co-operatives, there were 279 palliative care-related calls (2.1% of all calls), form 185 patients during the audit month. The co-operatives held handover information for between 1 (12%) and 13 (32.5%) of these patients. Co-operative doctors had information about previous co-operative contacts for 7.5-58.1% of repeat calls. Three co-operatives faxed details of every palliative care contact to the patient’s GP the following morning, one did so for only 50% of calls. This system of alerting the co-operatives to the needs of palliative care patients was under-utilized. Even within the most frequently used systems, the diagnosis, prognosis and care preferences of two thirds of patients with palliative care were not made known to the co-operatives. 5. Discussion Information that encourages appropriate use of out-of-hours services needs to be made accessible for all patients and carers. Primary care professionals and community palliative care specialists share responsibility for advising patients and carers on how to seek help out-of-hours. Practices and primary care organisations need to develop and audit effective systems of patient information management and transfer. These could be included in quality standards. Reviewing the way calls are handled by NHS 24, in addition to their factual content, offers opportunities for communication difficulties to be highlighted and included in staff development. Effective out-of-hours community palliative care requires an integrated, multidisciplinary service that is able to respond to planned and acute needs. Continuity of care may be personal, informational or managerial, the latter implying a consistent and coherent approach responsive to the patient’s changing needs.63 In the context of curr ent primary care provision, personal continuity of care is increasingly unlikely to be provided out-of-hours, but informational and management continuity, supplemented by good communication, may suffice. There is a relative lack of communication and joint working between all health care professionals involved in the care of patients with palliative care needs and this is a major issue affecting the effective delivery of services. Since the district nurses are the professional seeing the patients more regularly, they are an important resource and a vital link person and pharmacists could consult them for information about a patient’s clinical condition or for clarification of problems caused by incorrect or incomplete prescriptions. As at January 2011, the ePCS is now in use in over 32% of practices across 11 Health Boards in Scotland. All three GP IT systems have software for recording ePCS information which is updated automatically to ECS when any changes are made.   ePCS is the available to all out-of-hours-and unscheduled care users who already have access to ECS. The information in the ePCS is recorded in the GP system to form an Anticipatory Care Plan which will be avai lable out-of-hours and includes medical diagnoses (as agreed between the GP and patient), patients and carers’ understanding of diagnosis and prognosis, patient wishes {preferred place of care and resuscitation (DNACPR)}, information on medication/equipment left in patients’ home â€Å"Just in Case and prescribed medication (this includes all repeat and last 30 days acute and allergies as per ECS. Though the patients’ medicines are not described in detail, that element of pharmaceutical care is not present on this current ePCS.   (Appendix 1). The reason for this may be because of a skills gap for instance, independent prescribers might be few in this clinical area. The way pharmacists can adjust medicines as part of an agreement in the delivery of care to palliative care patients should be included in the ePCS. Boards across Scotland are aligning the rollout of ePCS with their plans for moving GP IT systems from GPASS to either InPs Vision o EMIS and local champions in Greater Glasgow and Clyde and Dumfries and Galloway have encouraged uptake of ePCS.   Work is at early stages in Ayrshire Aran, Fife, Orkney and Western Isles. Shetland is planning to start the rollout shortly. Grampian has completed connection for all EMIS and Vision practices and further rollouts will start shortly. Lothian has been using ePCS for a year, and is now planning how to maintain usage and encourage the remaining practices. Lanarkshire have a good uptake in Gpass practices and are awaiting the completion of the Gpass to InPs Vision migrations before wider rollout is commenced. Scottish Ambulance Services (SAS) is now piloting the use of ECS and ePCS in Lothian.48 According to Burt et al, co-operative doctors were required to provide care in a range of complex and time-consuming cases, including during the last days and hours of a patient’s life, with little or no information. Continuity of care within co-operatives was frequently threatened by a lack of information about previous contacts to the service by a patient.61 Within the present and new integrated out-of-hours systems, the effective transfer of patient information between all providers will be critical if palliative care patients and other vulnerable groups are to receive the care they need, especially where GPs opt out of providing out-of-hours care. Electronic patient records may provide a solution, although concise, up-to-date information will be needed and as services move to a more integrated approach (ePCS), a careful scrutiny of information transfer systems and encouragement of providers such as GPs and district nurses to update information, may help to ensure better co ntinuity of care. The current ePCS (see Appendix I) describes the patient’s medical conditions (current drugs and doses, and additional drugs available at home); the current care arrangements (syringe driver at home); the extent to which patients and carers understands the present condition of the patient and the advice for out-of-hours care. According to â€Å"Living and Dying Well 46, there is a need for communication and co-ordination between all professional who are involved in providing care to palliative care patients. This will help ensure that all patients and carers with palliative and end of life care needs are supported to participate fully in developing care plans and making decisions about their care. To ensure that their needs are communicated clearly across care settings and systems to all professional involved. To also ensure that the care of all patients and carers with palliative and end of life care needs is co-ordinated effectively between specialities and across care setti ngs and sectors. The introduction of more joint out-patient clinics for example the joint respiratory/palliative care out-patient clinic at Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow should be encouraged. 6. Conclusion Although the electronic Palliative Care summary (ePCS) is being rolled out in almost all Health Boards across Scotland, there are still some areas of care delivery that needs to be improved in palliative care especially during out-of-hours. A model needs to be fashioned out to enhance what the next step in the delivery of palliative care should be. If anything is done by one member of the palliative care team, other members need to know within the shortest time possible. The pharmacist who is an important member of the team, at the moment do not have access to the ePCS, this area needs to addressed. There is also need to use the new and emerging technology in the delivery of unscheduled healthcare, for instance strategic frontline application, which means upgrading the current IT and telephoning capability as well the potential for video conferencing in pharmacies. In current practice special notes (a flag facility that can be attached to a patient’s CHI number by GPs) used by GPs can be replaced by special texts in palliative care practice. Calls to out-of-hours through NHS 24 can also be by video calls and texts as this enhances telephone assessments especially in palliative care. Development of specialized care plans should also be encouraged. There should be equitable access to a range of health care professionals and support staff across the UK and this may well demand additional resources, particularly for district nurses. Partnership working with non-statutory palliative care providers should also be enhanced. Specialist palliative care telephone advice to unscheduled care services, including access to a consultant in palliative medicine, may need to be delivered through extended rotas in areas where there is a shortage of specialists. The ePCS should be able to provide more pharmaceutical care provision to patients.

Ozone Story and Significance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ozone Story and Significance - Research Paper Example According to the study the book Limits to growth: the 30-Year Update examines that industrial production, food production and pollution all contributes to economic and societal collapse in the 21st century. Limits to growth: the 30-Year Update have taken into consideration various factors that cause change in the Ozone layer. These factors include the behavior of the people and their population, and pollution. The variables stated in the book Limits to growth: the 30-Year Update may increase, decrease, oscillate, remain constant or combine with a number of factors to impact on the Ozone layer. The 30-year period given in the book is also long enough to observe, research, and evaluate the effects human activities to climatic changes. The book Limits to growth: the 30-Year Update has played a huge role in setting up the standards of evaluation of the effects on Ozone layer. The book has identified the collect parameters to be used when undertaking a research on the Ozone layer and form s a guideline for other interested researchers as a secondary source of information. The Ozone layer protects the earth from the ultraviolet rays that are sent down to the earth from the sun. There is a great need to protect this layer since it protects people from the possible consequences caused by the damaging rays of the sun. If the Ozone layer in the stratosphere is destroyed by human activities on earth, the effects could be catastrophic. According to scientists, the Ozone layer is a layer of gases that contains much oxygen as compared to the one found around the earth, which protects the earth from ultraviolet rays of the sun. It is found around the stratosphere region of the earth that stretches more than 30 miles above the earth’s surface. This paper outlines that the Ozone acts by absorbing the ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth. The Ozone layer has been a source of much discussion in the recent years since it has been found to be depleting. The mai n course of the depletion of the Ozone layer is the amassed discharge of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, which is a form of pollution. Most recently, there have been strong connections the depletion of the Ozone layer and the climatic changes occurring in the environment. Depletion of Ozone layer affects climate and vice-versa. After many countries called for convection on the effects of global warming to curb the increasing effects of ultra-violet rays, scientists have noted a slow increase in their effects. Ultra-violet rays are responsible for skin cancer and thus ought to be minimized. Moreover, it is important to protect the Ozone layer in the stratosphere to prevent eye cataracts that are also caused by ultraviolet rays.  

Roman Pieta, Marble Sculpture and Christ of St. John of the Cross Essay

Roman Pieta, Marble Sculpture and Christ of St. John of the Cross - Essay Example The essay "Roman Pieta, Marble Sculpture and Christ of St. John of the Cross" discusses that two pieces. This essay will show that they are more alike than their physical and factual differences might suggest. Pieta: This is to be found in the first chapel on the right of the entrance in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy. A pyramid formation, its dimensions are 68.5† x 76.8†. Using chisel and white marble, Michelangelo created something extraordinary. The triangular pyramid connection reflects the emotional, physical and psychological impact of the piece on the onlooker. These responses are aroused by looking at how the limbs and clothing of the figures are interwoven, curving and blending into each other. The mother's head leans forward, while this is balanced by the way in which the son's is tilted back; her left hand reflects the movement of his left leg. As her right hand holds his head, his completes the circle of contact by holding onto his mother's clothes, his arm resting on her knee. The wholeness of the piece both visually and emotionally portray the bonds of love between mother and child, Church and believer. Though the figure of Mary is huge in comparison to the form of Christ, the impact of this is insignificant due to the beauty of the figures; despite the fact that this mother is holding her dead child, the suggestion is implicit that resurrection and salvation are promised, that beauty is indestructible in the fact of death, agony or sorrow. This is the message and the power of Michelangelo's art.... The artist uses chiaroscuro to dramatic effect, as the crucified Christ seems to move from light to darkness and light again. The scene below him might be understood to signify the 'world', or at least that part of it known and loved by Dali himself. There is no doubt that the light, the hills, the boats and figures are depictions from Spain's Costa Brava, one of the places where he lived at the time of creating the work. Dali was often reported as stating that he dreamed the scene, and was driven by his visions to create a Christ with no thorns, no nails in the hands and no blood. Instead, he wanted to give us a magnificent physical yet metaphysical King of the World. In that, he departed from the more traditional representations of Christ on the Cross . The viewer is looking down, like Christ, the eye is drawn to what Christ is observing and the anatomical perfection of the body calls to mind classical statuary and life drawings. The shadow created by the arms and the cross make a triangle within a triangle and the light surrounding the figure seems to diffuse and re-emerge to illuminate the heavens, and the Earth spread at it's feet. The triangular motif is repeated in the response the picture calls forth, the physical, psychological and emotional are united; here is man, the universe and God, captured in an almost holographic, three dimensional image. This piece signifies Dali's great skill and u nique imaginative power. Comparisons: From a personal viewpoint, there are many comparisons, the chief of which may be the outstanding beauty of the figures of Christ, and in the Pieta, of Mary. The point and